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Introduction
[^] CSc 302 Outlines
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Introductory Topics
  1. The Internet.
    1. Global network of computers.
    2. Connects any sort of computer in a standard way.
  2. Internet History.
    1. Originally the ARPAnet.
    2. Started with four computers.
    3. Later NFSNET.
    4. Growth Graph.
  3. Internet II: Academics.
  4. Internet structure. Similar to Highways, roads and streets.
    1. Internet backbone crosses the country.
    2. Connect to the backbone at Network Access Points (NAP)s
    3. Large Internet Service Providers pay to connect to a NAP.
    4. Smaller ISPs pay to connect to larger ones.
    5. ISPs may pay to connect to each other. Much traffic never enters the backbone.
    6. The backbone and assorted interconnections lets traffic flow.
  5. ISPs
    1. Provide web access for a monthly fee.
    2. Usually provide several email addresses.
    3. Often provide a net news server.
    4. Formerly dial-up connections.
    5. ADSL and cable modems now quite common.
  6. Division of Labor
    1. Protocol: Rules used by computers to communicate.
      1. Both computers follow know the same rules.
      2. This allows them to interpret messages coherently.
      3. Human examples.
        1. Red means stop, green means go.
        2. Locations of the sending and return address on an envelope.
        3. Grammar.
    2. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
      1. Allows the computers to communicate coherently.
      2. Allows the computers to transfer information.
      3. TCP/IP is a utility used to provide other services. All the services listed below use TCP/IP
  7. Domain Name System (DNS).
    1. Each computer on the web has an IP number.
    2. Data is actually sent to “The computer with number ....”.
    3. The DNS takes a name and finds the number. Try me!.
  8. Email. Messages are sent to recipient's server for pickup.
  9. Usenet newgroups.
    1. Sort of a bulletin board, or email “To Whom It May Concern”.
    2. Not used much anymore.
  10. File Transfer Protocol. Copy files between computers.
  11. World-Wide Web.
    1. 1989.
    2. Tim Berners-Lee.
    3. Hypertext -- linked documents stored on a server, viewed by a browser on a personal computer.
    4. Designed for physicists to share information.
    5. Mosaic.
      1. Original web documents were mainly text.
      2. Original browsers were text-based.
      3. 1993: Marc Andreesen and Mosaic.
      4. Developed commercially as Netscape.
  12. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Sends the web page to the browser.
  13. Whatever-ML.
    1. Original and continuing: Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
    2. New and Improved: eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML).
    3. Similar; XHTML is stricter, but more flexible.
      XHTML is a very useful markup language.
      XHTML is a <i>very useful</i> markup language.
    4. All flavors of Simple General Markup Language (SGML). (Which should be called GML. There's nothing S about it.)
  14. URLs:
    〈protocol〉://〈hostname〉/〈filename〉
    http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/eeobtour/rotundas.html
  15. Top-Level Domains (TLDs).
    1. .edu .gov .com .mil .net .org
    2. .aero .biz .coop .info .museum .name .pro
    3. Countries. .us, .uk, .ca, etc.
  16. Search Engines.
    1. Search engines, directories, meta-search.
    2. Spiders and databases.
    3. AND, NOT
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